[JoeF]

Semper Fidelis ,
Your friend's personal packing at 5ft 1 in has no reference in my collection, so far; your report is my only reference. Did he want to provide more information or images? Did he modify a stock commercial wing? Your link: does that show your friend's HG or not? Thanks. [ ] Will he report a net empty weight for the wing packed? Thank.

=========================================================================================

[JoeF]

For TPHG experiments, I am aiming to do some CF tube making at home; tooling up for such is taking some time. Building a desired oven is challenging, but some progress on that is occurring. I purchased the two sets of aluminum mandrels; the mandrels are 6 ft long; there are 10 telescopic sizes in each set; the sets are identical in specifications; I hope they are round enough and even enough to result in releasing the cured tubes. Choosing a precise fiber product and precise epoxy system is yet an incomplete milestone. Choosing the precise mandrel release agent and precise shrink wrap tape is still not done. However, a decision about the kind of fiber part to be used has been made: biaxial braided sleeving fit for use in composite tube making; note that a similar sleeve for protecting cables may well be unfit for the purpose, so purchasing the correct sleeve type will be important. I am still discovering potential suppliers for the sleeves of various sizes and thicknesses and quality of the fibers ... all new to me.

ChatGPT thinks you, reader would read more easily the following redaction of the above:

For my TPHG experiments, I am working on fabricating carbon fiber tubes at home, which requires a significant amount of preparation. One of the major challenges has been building the necessary oven, but I am making gradual progress. I have purchased two sets of aluminum mandrels, each 6 feet long, with 10 telescopic sizes per set. The sets are identical in specifications, and I hope they will be round and uniform enough to ensure successful release of the cured tubes.

I am still finalizing the choices for the fiber product and epoxy system. Additionally, I need to select the appropriate mandrel release agent and shrink wrap tape. I have decided to use biaxial braided sleeving for composite tube making. It's important to ensure that the sleeves are suitable for this purpose, as those designed for cable protection may not be appropriate. I am currently exploring potential suppliers for sleeves of various sizes, thicknesses, and fiber qualities, which is all new to me.

[Semper Fidelis]

Semper Fidelis ,
Your friend's personal packing at 5ft 1 in has no reference in my collection, so far; your report is my only reference. Did he want to provide more information or images? Did he modify a stock commercial wing? Your link: does that show your friend's HG or not? Thanks. [ ] Will he report a net empty weight for the wing packed? Thank.

Huge references on Delta82 Bible https://www.delta-club-82.com/bible/hang-glider-bible.php
The picture is not his
23 kg (my Finsterwalder Superfex from 1979 too is 15.6kg https://www.delta-club-82.com/bible/454-hang-glider-superfex.htm)
The Ranger is a model form the brand Schmidtler (1979-1983) https://www.delta-club-82.com/bible/f95en-schmidtler.htm

Milling the tube on Saturday, more to come about the TPHG 4.6

[JoeF]

The reference for the huge collection of hang gliders and manufacturers has been growing and has been a neat resource. But the Ranger https://www.delta-club-82.com/bible/433 ... ranger.htm page has not a packing note. Hopefully someone will dig up a photo and post it somewhere. Thanks for clarifying that the page's photo is not your friend's wing.

Superfex pack option: 2 m or about 6 ft 7 in.
Lightfex option pack: 1.85 m or about 6 ft. 1 in.
So, is your friend's 5 ft 1in pack a one-off? Looking for a second reference for your note on 5 ft 1 in. [ ]?
==================================================
What "tube" for your TPHG 4.6 is being milled?

[JoeF]

Someone someday may have experiences with autogyro TPHGs.
Notes about such would be welcome in this topic thread.
Some possible leads might one day be found in the forum topic HERE.
======================\
=============

[JoeF]

This note further attention on the Joe Cup or Joe Sock for tubular coupling, bushing, and handling. This note focuses on a fresh "elastic" Joe Cup. The elastic Joe Cup is sometimes used in potential TPHGs for more than one function. Here is how it is possible built and used in one function: the two meshing tubes fit one inside the other; the elastic Joe Cup acts as anti-wobble bushing while also acting as a "give" device where the "give" is an elastic stretching of the longitudinal parts of the Joe Cup when compression occurs in the assembly of the two joined tubes; this might be used in two-part or three-part compression ribs where the compression ribs spread two spanwise spars. Upon assembly of a wing, the "give" may allow placement followed by tautening of a sail sock when the elastic Joe Cup lengthens the compression-rib assembly. In a larger placement in a kingpost made of two or more tubes, the give might allow wing assembly and then tautening of rigging lines. Nearly similarly for a two- or three- downtube or control-frame queenpost, the elastic Joe Cup might aid in assembly and tautening ns well as special-crunch landing "give" assistance. Further, elastic Joe Cups might play a role in major spar aeroelastic objectives.

After many cycles of correction, my prompts resulted in ChatGPT giving the following imperfect and challenging response which is nevertheless developmentally helpful with the proviso that development and testing is yet needed:

Thanks for the clarification. Here's a refined explanation of the Elastic Joe Cup mechanism and its applications in the Tiny Packed Hang Glider (TPHG):

### Refined Description of the Elastic Joe Cup

#### Mechanism

The Elastic Joe Cup is a specialized component used in the subassembly of two telescopic tubes in a Tiny Packed Hang Glider (TPHG). Its function is to control the relative length of the tube assembly depending on the axial compression applied. Here's how it works:

- **Under Axial Compression**: When the two telescopic tubes are compressed axially (pushed together), the overall length of the tube assembly shortens. At the same time, the Elastic Joe Cup itself stretches, lengthening to absorb some of the compression force and ensuring a tight, wobble-free fit between the tubes.

- **Reduction of Axial Compression**: When the axial compression on the tubes is reduced (lessened or released), the Elastic Joe Cup returns to its original, shorter length. As it shortens, the overall length of the tube assembly increases. This expansion can be used to create tension in other structural components, such as spreading spars or tightening rigging.

### Applications in TPHG Design

1. **Compression Ribs in Wing Assembly**:
- **Function**: In a two- or three-part compression rib assembly, the Elastic Joe Cup allows for initial compression to shorten the rib length for easy placement between spars. Upon reducing the compression, the Elastic Joe Cup shortens, which lengthens the rib assembly. This increase in length spreads the spars and tightens the sail sock, helping to secure the aerodynamic shape of the wing.
- **Benefit**: This mechanism simplifies the assembly process and ensures that the sail sock is properly tensioned, which is essential for optimal flight performance.

2. **Kingpost Assembly**:
- **Function**: In a kingpost made of telescopic tubes, the Elastic Joe Cup allows for easier assembly by compressing the tubes to reduce the overall length. Once the compression is reduced, the Elastic Joe Cup shortens, causing the kingpost to lengthen. This lengthening tightens the rigging lines connected to the wing, ensuring they are properly tensioned.
- **Benefit**: This feature reduces the need for precise alignment during assembly and guarantees that the rigging lines are correctly tensioned, contributing to the glider’s stability.

3. **Control Frame (Queenpost) Assembly**:
- **Function**: In the control frame, the Elastic Joe Cup allows for initial shortening of the assembly during compression, facilitating the connection of various components. As compression is reduced, the Elastic Joe Cup shortens, leading to an increase in the length of the control frame assembly. This lengthening helps to tighten rigging lines and provides a controlled "give" during hard landings, absorbing some of the impact.
- **Benefit**: The Elastic Joe Cup enhances the assembly process, ensures proper tensioning, and provides additional safety during landings by absorbing shock.

4. **Major Spar Aeroelastic Adjustments**:
- **Function**: The Elastic Joe Cup within major spars allows for controlled flexibility by shortening the overall length when compression is reduced. This controlled expansion can fine-tune the aerodynamic performance of the wing by adjusting the length of the spar, potentially improving lift and handling.
- **Benefit**: This adjustability contributes to the overall aeroelastic behavior of the wing, making the TPHG more responsive and stable in flight.

### Engineering Critique

1. **Material Considerations**:
- The material for the Elastic Joe Cup must be highly elastic, durable, and capable of maintaining its properties under repeated compression and extension cycles. It is not clear what materials are to be used in the elastic Joe Cup. the material must be thin enough to be the gap anti-wobble that forms part of its functioning.

2. **Fatigue and Durability**:
- The Elastic Joe Cup will experience repeated stress, so the material must resist fatigue. Testing is needed to ensure the component remains effective over time.

3. **Precision in Manufacturing**:
- The dimensions of the Elastic Joe Cup must be precise to ensure it functions correctly within the telescopic tube assemblies, maintaining the balance between compression and expansion.

4. **Load and Compression Management**:
- The Elastic Joe Cup must bear the structural loads while maintaining its ability to expand and contract without excessive deformation. The balance between elasticity and load-bearing capacity should be optimized.

5. **Environmental Stability**:
- The material should be resistant to environmental factors such as temperature fluctuations, UV exposure, and moisture, ensuring consistent performance.

6. **Impact on Aerodynamics**:
- The expansion and contraction of the Elastic Joe Cup should be controlled to avoid unintended effects on the glider's aerodynamic performance.

### Conclusion

The Elastic Joe Cup is a versatile component in the Tiny Packed Hang Glider (TPHG) design, providing essential functionality in managing the length of telescopic tube assemblies. Its ability to lengthen under compression and shorten when compression is reduced offers significant advantages in assembling and tensioning various structural elements of the glider. However, careful consideration of material properties, fatigue resistance, and precision in manufacturing is crucial to ensuring its long-term effectiveness and reliability. Further testing and refinement are recommended to optimize the Elastic Joe Cup's performance in specific TPHG applications.

And it is to be noted that an experimental TPHG using some elastic Joe Cups might use them in only part of the hang glider and perhaps not in all join opportunities other types of couplers may well be chosen. E.g., a simple join coupler with butting cushions might be better than an elastic Joe Cup; simple anti-wibble passive bushings then would suffice.

[JoeF]

TPHG design and construction may involve the challenge of joining two tubes.
The following collection of joining methods is not exhaustive, as many techniques for connecting two tubes remain unmentioned. However, mastering a broad array of methods and techniques for joining tubes can be a valuable goal. Optimizing a system of packing and toting a TPHG may use one or more join methods. To start, here is an introductory list of some effective methods:
_______ _______ _______
Mastering the Art of Joining Two Tubular Beams

== ?
Mastering the arts and crafts of joining two tubular beams involves various techniques, mechanisms, and tools that cater to different needs, whether you're working with materials like drinking straws, carbon fiber (CF) tubes, or broom handles. Here's an extensive overview of these techniques and products:

1. Telescopic Joints

• Description: Telescopic joints involve sliding one tube into another, allowing for adjustable length.
• Uses: Common in portable structures like tents, camera tripods, and telescopic poles. Useful for adjusting height or length in products that need to be compact for storage and extended for use.
• Craft Results: Telescopic systems often require precision in diameter to prevent wobble. Using bushings or shims can reduce play between the nested tubes.

2. Spring-Loaded Pins

• Description: A spring-loaded pin mechanism locks into pre-drilled holes in the inner and outer tubes, securing them in place.
• Uses: Often used in adjustable-height mechanisms like walking sticks, telescopic poles, or adjustable furniture legs.
• Craft Results: Provides a secure lock that is easy to adjust. Proper alignment of holes and smooth movement are key to ensuring the mechanism works smoothly.

3. Bushing Systems

• Description: Bushings or sleeves are inserted between two tubes to reduce wobble and ensure a snug fit.
• Uses: Common in machinery, bicycles, and telescopic structures where precision and stability are important.
• Craft Results: Bushings can be made from various materials (plastic, metal, rubber) depending on the application, providing a balance between flexibility and durability.

4. Locking Mechanisms

• Description: Mechanical systems like twist locks, clamps, or cam locks that secure two tubes together.
• Uses: Tripods, adjustable poles, and extendable tools. Twist locks are popular in camera tripods, where quick setup and stability are essential.
• Craft Results: These mechanisms allow for quick and secure adjustment. Proper tension and fit are necessary to prevent slippage.

5. Pinning Joints

• Description: A pin or bolt is inserted through aligned holes in two tubes to lock them together.
• Uses: Common in scaffolding, furniture assembly, and structural connections where strength is essential.
• Craft Results: Provides a strong, permanent connection. The precision of hole alignment and the fit of the pin are critical for stability.

6. Adhesive Bonding

• Description: Tubes are bonded using epoxy or other strong adhesives.
• Uses: Permanent joins in lightweight structures, model making, or DIY projects where mechanical fasteners are impractical.
• Craft Results: Provides a clean, permanent bond. Surface preparation and correct adhesive selection are key to a successful join.

7. Interlocking Features

• Description: Tubes are designed with interlocking features, such as grooves, tabs, or flanges, that fit together.
• Uses: Modular furniture, quick assembly products, and lightweight structures.
• Craft Results: Allows for easy assembly and disassembly. The precision of the interlocking features determines the strength and stability of the join.

8. Compression Fittings

• Description: A fitting that compresses a sleeve around a tube when tightened, creating a secure join.
• Uses: Plumbing, pneumatic systems, and some mechanical applications.
• Craft Results: Creates a strong, often watertight, connection. Proper sizing and tightening are important to prevent leaks or slippage.

9. Shrink Wrap Tubing

• Description: Heat-shrink tubing is applied over the joint, then heated to shrink, creating a tight, secure join.
• Uses: Electrical insulation, lightweight structural joins, and repair work.
• Craft Results: Provides a lightweight, semi-permanent join. Ensures a snug fit and protects the joint from environmental factors.

10. Threaded Connections

• Description: Threads are cut or formed on the ends of two tubes, allowing them to be screwed together.
• Uses: Often found in pipe fittings, adjustable tools, and collapsible structures.
• Craft Results: Provides a secure, often watertight connection. Proper thread matching and alignment are crucial for a good fit.

11. Swaging

• Description: A process where one tube is mechanically deformed to fit tightly over another tube.
• Uses: Cable fittings, structural applications, and joining metal tubes.
• Craft Results: Creates a strong, permanent join. Requires specialized tools for the swaging process.

12. Sleeve and Insert Joints

• Description: An inner sleeve or insert is placed inside two tubes to connect them.
• Uses: Often used in lightweight frames, furniture, and structural supports.
• Craft Results: Provides a hidden, clean join. The fit of the sleeve and the adhesion method are key to a secure connection.

13. Snap-Fit Joints

• Description: Features such as detents or latches on one tube snap into corresponding features on another tube.
• Uses: Portable equipment, toys, and modular assembly systems.
• Craft Results: Allows for quick assembly and disassembly. The design of the snap features is critical to durability and ease of use.

14. Magnetic Coupling

• Description: Magnets embedded in the ends of tubes attract and hold the tubes together.
• Uses: Quick-connect systems, tools, and temporary joins in lightweight structures.
• Craft Results: Provides an easily adjustable and non-permanent join. Magnet strength and alignment are crucial for a strong connection.

15. Dowel and Socket

• Description: A dowel (a short tube or rod) is inserted into a corresponding socket in another tube.
• Uses: Furniture assembly, lightweight structural joins, and modular systems.
• Craft Results: Provides a simple, often hidden connection. Precision in dowel and socket sizing is important for stability.

16. Clamping Collars

• Description: A collar clamps around two tubes, securing them together with screws or bolts.
• Uses: Adjustable systems, mounting fixtures, and temporary joins.
• Craft Results: Provides a strong, adjustable join. Proper alignment and tightening are essential for stability.

17. Riveting

• Description: Rivets are used to permanently join two tubes by passing through them and being deformed to hold them in place.
• Uses: Aircraft structures, metalwork, and other high-strength applications.
• Craft Results: Creates a permanent, strong join. The quality of the rivet and the installation process are critical.

18. Hinge and Pivot Joints

• Description: A hinge or pivot allows two tubes to move relative to each other.
• Uses: Folding structures, adjustable tools, and articulated mechanisms.
• Craft Results: Allows for controlled movement between parts. The hinge or pivot must be strong enough to handle the forces applied.

19. Lashing or Wrapping

• Description: Tubes are joined by wrapping or lashing them together with cord, wire, or tape.
• Uses: Temporary or lightweight structures, DIY projects, and outdoor shelters.
• Craft Results: Provides a flexible, often temporary join. The material and method of lashing determine the strength and stability.

20. Detent Mechanisms

• Description: A spring-loaded detent (a small ball or pin) engages with a groove or hole in the tube to lock it in place.
• Uses: Telescopic systems, adjustable tools, and quick-release mechanisms.
• Craft Results: Provides a quick and secure lock that can be easily disengaged. The precision of the detent and groove is key to reliability.

21. Vise or Clamp Joints

• Description: Tubes are held together by a vise or clamp that applies pressure to keep them in place.
• Uses: Workshop setups, temporary joins, and adjustable systems.
• Craft Results: Provides a strong, adjustable join. Proper clamping force and alignment are important to prevent slippage.

22. Wedge Locking Mechanism

• Description: A wedge or tapered element is inserted between two tubes to create a tight, friction-based join. The wedge is driven into the gap between the tubes, causing them to expand slightly and lock together.
• Uses: Often used in temporary or adjustable setups like lighting rigs, scaffolding, or tripod stands, where quick assembly and disassembly are needed.
• Craft Results: Provides a strong, easily adjustable join that can be locked or released quickly. The angle and fit of the wedge are critical for ensuring a secure connection without damaging the tubes.

23. Snap-Fit Connection

• Description: A snap-fit connection uses interlocking features, such as protrusions and recesses, to join two tubes. One tube may have a raised ridge or hook that snaps into a corresponding groove or recess on the other tube, creating a secure join.
• Uses: Commonly used in plastic assemblies, toys, and some portable structures where easy assembly and disassembly are required without tools.
• Craft Results: Provides a quick, tool-free join with good alignment. The design and material properties are crucial for ensuring the snap-fit connection is strong enough to withstand repeated use without wearing out.

24. Friction Welding

• Description: Friction welding joins two tubes by rotating one tube against the other while applying pressure. The friction generates heat, causing the material to soften and fuse together.
• Uses: Commonly used in joining metals and thermoplastics, particularly in aerospace, automotive, and industrial applications where strong, permanent joints are required.
• Craft Results: Creates a strong, seamless join with no additional materials needed. Precision is required in the alignment and control of rotational speed and pressure.

25. Interference Fit

• Description: An interference fit, or press fit, involves assembling two tubes where the outer diameter of one is slightly larger than the inner diameter of the other. The tubes are pressed together, creating a tight, frictional bond.
• Uses: Used in mechanical assemblies, such as bearings, gears, and shafts, where a secure, permanent joint is necessary.
• Craft Results: Provides a very strong and precise join, often requiring specialized tools for assembly and disassembly. Material properties, such as elasticity and thermal expansion, are critical factors in designing an interference fit.

26. Knurled Surface Join

• Description: A knurled surface join involves creating a patterned or textured surface on one or both of the tubes, usually through machining. The textured surfaces are then pressed or twisted together, allowing the ridges to grip and lock the tubes in place.
• Uses: Often used in hand tools, grips, and mechanical assemblies where a non-slip connection is important.
• Craft Results: Provides a strong mechanical bond with enhanced friction between the joined surfaces. The effectiveness depends on the precision of the knurling pattern and the material hardness.

30. Joe Cup

• Description: The Joe Cup is a type of coupling device where one end of a tube is inserted into a cup-shaped connector, which is attached to another tube. The cup grips the inserted tube through friction, often enhanced by surface treatment or slight deformation.
• Uses: Often used in lightweight structures and assemblies where a quick, non-permanent join is needed, such as in kites, tents, and some portable frameworks.
• Craft Results: Provides a simple and effective way to join tubes without tools. The joint can be easily disassembled and reassembled, making it ideal for temporary or adjustable connections.

31. Elastic Joe Cup

• Description: The Elastic Joe Cup is a variation of the Joe Cup, where the cup is made from an elastic or flexible material. This allows it to stretch and conform tightly to the inserted tube, providing a more secure fit. The elasticity also allows for slight misalignments and can accommodate tubes of varying diameters.
• Uses: Used in situations where a more secure, yet still adjustable join is required, such as in flexible frameworks, temporary structures, or adjustable rigs.
• Craft Results: Offers a versatile and secure connection that can adapt to different tube sizes and slight movements, making it ideal for dynamic structures or where frequent adjustments are needed.

32. Temperature Differential Assembly

• Description: This method involves heating one tube and cooling the other to create a temporary fit. The heated tube expands while the cooled tube contracts, allowing the two to fit together more easily. Once assembled, the tubes return to their original temperatures, and the fit becomes tight and secure.
• Uses: Commonly used in manufacturing and assembly processes, especially with metals and plastics, where precise fits are needed without permanent fixtures or adhesives.
• Craft Results: Allows for precise and secure assembly of tubes with minimal tools. The effectiveness depends on the accuracy of temperature control and the materials’ thermal expansion properties.

33. Split-End Join

• Description: The split-end join involves cutting one end of a tube into a split or series of slits, which are then spread apart to fit over or into another tube. The split ends can be secured with fasteners, clamps, or adhesives, or simply pressed into place.
• Uses: This method is used in applications where a quick and adaptable joining solution is needed, such as in modular construction, temporary assemblies, or adjustable frameworks.
• Craft Results: Provides a flexible and adjustable connection that can be easily assembled and disassembled. The split ends allow for a snug fit over or into another tube, but may require additional securing methods to ensure stability.

34. Exterior Couplers with Internal Cushion Stop

• Description: This method uses couplers that fit around the exterior of two tubular beams, with an internal cushion or stop mechanism. The cushion stop, often made of a resilient material like rubber or foam, absorbs and distributes compressive forces while preventing butted contact. The coupler ensures that the tubes remain aligned and securely connected under axial compression.
• Uses: Ideal for applications where tubular beams experience continuous axial compression, such as in structural frameworks, supports, or load-bearing systems.
• Craft Results: Provides a secure and stable join that accommodates axial compression while reducing noise and wear. The internal cushion helps protect the tubes from damage and ensures a tight, stable connection.

All are welcome to describe some method that is not in this starter list.

Each technique has its own set of advantages and considerations depending on one's project requirements. By understanding these methods, one can master the art of joining tubular beams for a wide range of applications. Just where and when a method mentioned or some other method may come in handy for TPHG design and construction and transportation may be developed and described by anyone in the Tiny Packed Hang Glider movement.

[JoeF]

Dyneema-Ribbon Joe Cup Overview:

1. Core Design:
- A ribbon or strap made of Dyneema material forms the core of this cup. Dyneema's high strength and lightweight properties make it ideal for this application.
- Each end of the Dyneema ribbon has a loop that holds a small rod. The rod prevents the ribbon from being pulled into the gap when the tubes are joined, creating a flanging effect.

2. Gap Filling:
- The Dyneema ribbon acts as a gap filler between the joined tubes, ensuring a snug fit and preventing wobble.
- For tubes with different OD and ID, additional flat material can be bonded or sewn onto the Dyneema ribbon to adjust the thickness and fill the gap more effectively.

3. Customizable and Versatile:
- The basic Dyneema-Ribbon Joe Cup can be adapted to various tube sizes and gap dimensions by adjusting the thickness of the ribbon or by adding layers.
- This flexibility allows for the use of the same basic design across different TPHG models or even other applications where tubes of varying sizes need to be joined.

4. Minimal Pack Volume:
- When disassembled, the Dyneema-Ribbon Joe Cup, including the small rods and ribbon, can be packed very compactly. The flat nature of the ribbon and the small size of the rods allow them to fit easily into small spaces within the packed hang glider.

Advantages of the Dyneema-Ribbon Joe Cup:

- Flexibility: Can be used for different tube sizes and gap requirements, making it a one-size-fits-many solution.
- Ease of Use: Simple to set up and take down, and the adjustable thickness ensures a tight fit without complex adjustments.
- Lightweight and Compact: Adds very little weight and takes up minimal space when packed, making it ideal for a tiny-packed hang glider.
- Cost-Effective: The use of Dyneema, a durable yet relatively inexpensive material, keeps costs low while ensuring high performance.

Application Potential:

- In TPHGs: The Dyneema-Ribbon Joe Cup can be used to join the spar sections of a hang glider, providing a secure, wobble-free connection that also handles axial compression well.
- In Other Fields: This versatile design could be adapted for use in other portable or collapsible structures, such as tents, portable frames, or even in aerospace applications where lightweight, strong, and compact joints are required.

Conclusion:

The Dyneema-Ribbon Joe Cup is a highly adaptable and efficient solution for joining tubes in a variety of scenarios, particularly in the context of a tiny-packed hang glider. Its ability to handle different tube sizes and its compact, lightweight design make it an excellent choice for maximizing packing efficiency and structural integrity.

Note: An alternative could by Nylon Webbing Joe Cup.

[Semper Fidelis]

TPHG design and construction may involve the challenge of joining two tubes.
Mastering the Art of Joining Two Tubular Beams

Mastering the Art of Joining Two Tubular Beams (TPHG 4.6)

20240818_010201.jpg (58.15 KiB) Viewed 388 times

My solution... and, if I may, I'm still waitting for more guessing about the shadow drawing

[Semper Fidelis]

The reference for the huge collection of hang gliders and manufacturers has been growing and has been a neat resource. But the Ranger https://www.delta-club-82.com/bible/433 ... ranger.htm page has not a packing note. Hopefully someone will dig up a photo and post it somewhere. Thanks for clarifying that the page's photo is not your friend's wing.

Unfortunately DELTA 82 website crashed years ago and the lost a lot of data. The picture is not my friend's one.

So, is your friend's 5 ft 1in pack a one-off?

No, it is not a one-off, it was made by a company at the time, but closed for a long time.

More to come